Exercises: 11

1. The energy when released and passed through the length of the nerve cell is

called the nervous impulse.

2. The nervous system is classified into two major divisions: the central nervous

system and the peripheral nervous system.

3. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

4. The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and

plexuses

5. Cranial nerves carry impulses between the brain and the head and neck

6. Spinal nerves carry messages between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen

and extremities.

7. Sensory nerves carries message toward the spinal cord and brain.

8. Motor nerves travel from the spinal cord and brain to muscles of the body.

9. Sympathetic nerves stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis.

10. Parasympathetic nerves slow down the heart rate, contract pupils, lower B.P,

stimulate peristalsis, and increase the quantity of secretions like saliva.

11. Plexus is a large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system.

12. A neuron is an individual nerve cell, a microscopic structure.

13. A stimulus begins an impulse.

14. The branching fibers of the neuron are called dendrites.

15. The cell body contains the cell nucleus.

16. Small collections of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord are called

ganglia.

17. Extending from the cell body is the axon, which carries the impulse away from

the cell body.

18. Axons are covered with a fatty tissue called myelin sheath.

19. The gray matter of the brain and spinal cord is composed of the cell bodies of

neurons.

20. The nervous impulse passes through the axon to leave the cell via the terminal

end fibers.

21. The space where the nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to another is called

the synapse.

22. The transfer of the impulse across the synapse depends on the release of a

chemical substance called neurotransmitter.

23. The stromal tissue of the nervous system is called glia.

24. Astrocytes are star-like and transport water and salts between capillaries and

neurons

25. Microglial cells are small cells with many branching processes.

26. Oligodendroglial cells have few dendrites.

27. Ependymal cells line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where CSF

circulates.

28. Blood-brain barrier regulate the passage of potentially harmful substances

from the blood into the nerve cells of the brain.

29. In the human adult the brain weighs about 3 pounds.

30. The largest part of the brain is the thinking area or cerebrum.

31. On the surface of the cerebrum, nerve cells lie in sheets called the cerebral

cortex.

32. Folds on the surface of the brain are called gyri.

33. Grooves on the surface of the brain are called sulci.

34. The brain is divided in half, a right and a left side called cerebral hemispheres.

35. Each hemisphere is subdivided into four major lobes called frontal, parietal,

occipital and temporal

36. In the middle of the cerebrum, there are spaces or canals called ventricles.

37. A watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and spinal cord is called the

cerebrospinal fluid.

38. Spinal fluid can be withdrawn for diagnosis or relief of pressure on the brain by

lumbar puncture

39. The thalamus integrates and monitors sensory impulses from skin; perception of

pain is controlled by this area.

40. The hypothalamus contains neurons that control body temperature, sleep, and

sexual desire.

41. The hypothalamus also regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary

gland at the base of the brain

42. The pons and the medulla are part of the brainstem.

43. The cerebellum functions to coordinate voluntary movements and to maintain

balance and posture

44. The pons is a part of brainstem that literally means bridge.

45. The medulla oblongata connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain.

46. Respiratory center controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals and

other stimuli

47. Cardiac center slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly.

48. Vasomotor center affects the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, thus

influencing blood pressure.

49. The spinal cord is a column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the

second lumbar vertebra.

50. The end of the spinal cord is cauda equina.

51. The inner region of the spinal cord is the gray matter.

52. The outer region of the spinal cord is the white matter.

53. The meninges are three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround

the brain and spinal cord.

54. The outermost membrane of the meninges is the dura mater

55. The subdural space is below the dural membranes.

56. The arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the other meninges by weblike

fibers.

57. The subarachnoid space contains the CSF.

58. The third layer of the meninges, closest to the brain and spinal cord is the pia

mater.

59. Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal

organs are the autonomic nervous system.

60. Macroscopic cordlike collections of fibers that carry electrical impulses are

nerves.

61. Receptor is the organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to

nerves within the body.

62. Sciatic nerve is the nerve extending from the base of the brain down the thigh,

lower leg and foot.

63. Spinal nerves are 31 pairs of nerves.

64. Vagus is the 10th cranial nerve.

65. The pia and the arachnoid membranes are known as Leptomeninges

66. Spina bifida is the neural tube defect caused by failure of the neural tube to

close.

67. Hypalgesia is diminished sensation to pain.

68. Migraine is severe unilateral, vascular headache often accompanied by

photophobia.

69. Causalgia is intense burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve.

70. Coma is a state of unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused.

71. Dyskinesia is a condition marked by involuntary, spasmodic movements.

72. Narcolepsy is a sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep.

73. Dyslexia is reading, writing and learning disorders.

74. Ataxia is persistent unsteadiness on the feet can be caused by a disorder

involving the cerebellum

75. Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain is called hydrocephalus

76. Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration with

personality changes and impairment of daily function is Alzheimer disease.

77. Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem is

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

78. Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity is epilepsy.

79. Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to

abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration is Huntington disease

80. Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by

plaques of sclerotic tissue is multiple sclerosis

81. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by

weakness of voluntary muscles.

82. Parkinson disease is a degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring

in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles and slowness of

movement.

83. Tourette syndrome is an involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements;

uncontrollable vocal sounds and inappropriate words.

84. Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves is herpes zoster.

85. Inflammation of the meninges is called meningitis.

86. Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS is human immunodeficiency

virus encephalopathy

87. Temporary brain dysfunction after injury usually clearing within 24 hours is

cerebral concussion.

88. Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic

deficits persist longer than 24 hours is cerebral contusion.

89. Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain is cerebrovascular accident.

90. Aneurysm is enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture

leading to hemorrhage and CVA

91. Absence seizure is minor form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of

consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings.

92. Malignant tumor of astrocytes is astrocytoma.

93. Aura is a peculiar sensation experienced by some persons with epilepsy before

onset of an actual seizure.

94. Dementia is mental decline and deterioration.

95. Demyelination is destruction of myelin on axons of nerves.

96. Dopamine is a CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease.

97. Embolus is a mass of material traveling through the bloodstream and suddenly

blocks a vessel.

98. Gait is the pattern of walking.

99. Tonic-clonic seizure is a major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of

consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.

100. X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel system in the brain after injection of

contrast material is cerebral angiography.

101. X-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the

subarachnoid space is Myelography

102. Electroencephalography is recording of the electrical activity of the brain