Exercises: 12

1. Glands located in many regions of the body release into the bloodstream specific

chemical messengers called hormones.

2. Hormones produce their effects by binding to receptors.

3. The hormones act on the target tissue.

4. Endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream.

5. Exocrine glands send chemical substances via duct to the outside of the body.

6. The pineal gland located in the central portion of the brain secretes melatonin.

7. Melatonin functions to support the body’s “biological clock” and is thought to

induce sleep.

8. Thymus gland is located behind the sternum in the mediastinum.

9. Thymosin is produced by the thymus land.

10. Removal of the thymus gland is helpful in treating a muscular-neurological

disorder called myasthenia gravis.

11. Erythropoietin is secreted by kidneys.

12. Human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by placenta.

13. Cholecystokinin is secreted by gallbladder.

14. Thyroid gland is composed of a right and a left lobe on either side of the

trachea.

15. Isthmus of the thyroid gland is a narrow strip of glandular tissue that connects

the two lobes.

16. The hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are thyroxine or

tetraiodothyronine and Triiodothyronine.

17. The hormones are synthesized in the thyroid gland from iodine.

18. A more recently discovered hormone produced by the thyroid gland is

calcitonin.

19. The parathyroid glands are four, small, oval bodies located on the dorsal

aspect of the thyroid gland

20. Parathyroid gland secretes Parathormone

21. The adrenal glands are two small glands, one on top of each kidney.

22. The inner portion of the adrenal gland is adrenal medulla

23. The outer portion of the adrenal gland is adrenal cortex.

24. The adrenal cortex secrets three types if corticosteroids namely glucocorticoids,

mineralocorticoids and sex hormones

25. Glucocorticoids have an important influence on the metabolism of sugars, fats

and proteins.

26. The major mineralocorticoid is Aldosterone.

27. Androgens and estrogens influence sex characteristics.

28. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

29. Pancreas is located near and partly behind the stomach in the region of the first

and second lumbar vertebra.

30. The endocrine tissue of the pancreas consists of specialized hormone-producing

cells called the islets of Langerhans.

31. More than 98% of the pancreas consists of exocrine cells.

32. Pancreas endocrine cells produce insulin and glucagon.

33. The pituitary gland is also called the hypophysis.

34. The pituitary gland is located in the pocket-like depression of the skull called

sella turcica.

35. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is called adenohypophysis.

36. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is called neurohypophysis.

37. The hypothalamus controls the secretion of the pituitary gland.

38. The hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are Growth hormone,

thyroid stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone,

gonadotropic hormone and prolactin

39. Prolactin stimulates breast development during pregnancy and sustains milk

production after birth.

40. The posterior pituitary gland secretes Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

41. The ovarian hormones are estrogen and progesterone.

42. The testes produce the male hormone called testosterone.

43. Adrenaline secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood

pressure.

44. Adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary

gland, stimulates the adrenal cortex.

45. Aldosterone secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt reabsorption

46. Antidiuretic hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

increases reabsorption of water by the kidney.

47. Calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.

48. Cortisol secreted by the adrenal cortex; increase blood sugar. It is secreted in

times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.

49. Epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate ad blood

pressure and dilates airways.

50. Estradiol is an estrogen secreted by the ovaries.

51. Follicle-stimulating hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary

gland. It stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and

sperm production by the testes.

52. Glucagon secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar by

conversion of glycogen to glucose.

53. Growth hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulates

growth of bones and soft tissues

54. Insulin secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas. It lowers blood sugar by

transport and conversion of glucose to glycogen.

55. Luteinizing hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland;

stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.

56. Norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and B.P.

57. Oxytocin secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulates

contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.

58. Parathormone secreted by the parathyroid glands increases blood calcium.

59. Progesterone secreted by the ovaries prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

60. Thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary

gland, acts on thyroid gland to promote its functioning.

61. Thyroxine secreted by the thyroid gland increases metabolism in cells.