Exercises: 13

1. Bones provide the framework around which the body is constructed and protect

and support internal organs.

2. The inner core of bones if composed of hematopoietic tissue

3. Joints are the places at which bones come together.

4. Muscles are responsible for movement.

5. Physicians who treat bone and joint diseases are orthopedists.

6. Bones are complete organs composed chiefly of connective tissue called osseous

tissue.

7. Dense connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues are

collagen.

8. Calcium and phosphorus are mineral constituents of the bone.

9. Cartilaginous tissue is a flexible, rubbery connective tissue, found in immature

skeleton.

10. Osteoblasts are bone cell the helps form bony tissue

11. Osteoclasts are bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue.

12. There are 206 bones of various types in the body.

13. Long bones are found in the thigh, lower leg, arm and lower arm.

14. Short bones are found in the wrist and ankle.

15. Flat bones are found covering soft body parts.

16. Sesamoid bones are small, rounded bones resembling a sesame seed in shape.

17. The shaft or middle region of a long bone is called the diaphysis.

18. Each end of a long bone is called an epiphysis.

19. The Metaphysis is the flared portion of the bone.

20. The periosteum is a strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface

of bones.

21. The ends of bones that meet another bone to form a joint are covered with

articular cartilage.

22. Compact bone is a hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer

portion of bones.

23. Haversian canals are minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact

bone.

24. Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone is called the medullary

cavity.

25. Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones is yellow

bone marrow

26. Cancellous bone is a spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.

27. Trabeculae are supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone.

28. Red bone marrow is found in cancellous bone and is the site of hematopoiesis.

29. Bone processes are enlarged areas that extend out from bones to serve as

attachments for muscles and tendons.

30. Bone head is rounded end of a bone separated form the body of the bone by a

neck.

31. Greater trochanter is a large process on the femur for attachments of tendons

and muscle.

32. Tubercle is rounded process on many bones for attachment of tendons and

muscles.

33. Tuberosity is small, rounded elevation on a bone.

34. Condyle is rounded, knuckle-like process at the joint.

35. Fossa is a shallow cavity in or on a bone.

36. Foramen is an opening for blood vessels and nerves.

37. Fissure is a narrow, deep, slit-like opening.

38. Sinus is a hollow cavity within a bone.

39. The bones of the skull protect the brain and structures related to it.

40. The cranial bones join each other at joints called sutures.

41. There are gaps of unossified tissue in the skull at birth called Fontanelles.

42. Frontal bone forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain

the eyes.

43. Parietal bone forms the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium.

44. Temporal bone forms the lower sides and base of the cranium.

45. The Temporomandibular joint is the area of connection between the temporal

and jaw bones.

46. Mastoid process is a round process of the temporal bone behind the ear.

47. Styloid process projects downward from the temporal bone.

48. Occipital bone forms the back and base of the skull.

49. Foramen magnum is an opening through which the spinal cord passes.

50. Sphenoid bone is the bar-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms

part of the base of the skull.

51. Sella turcica is a depression in which the pituitary gland is located.

52. Ethmoid bone is a thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms

part of the orbits of the eyes.

53. Nasal bones are two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose.

54. Lacrimal bones are two small, thin bones located at the corner of each eyes.

55. Maxillary bones are two large bones that compose the massive upper

jawbones.

56. Mandibular bone is the lower jawbone.

57. Zygomatic bones are two bones one on each side of the face, that form the

high portion of the cheek.

58. Vomer is a thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal

septum

59. Sinuses or air cavities are located within the cranial and facial bones to lighten

the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes through.

60. The spinal column is composed of 26 bone segments called vertebrae.

61. The bones of the spinal column are separated by pads of cartilage called

intervertebral disks.

62. The first seven bones of the vertebral column, forming the bony aspect of the

neck are the cervical vertebrae.

63. The second sets of 12 vertebrae are known as the thoracic vertebrae.

64. The third sets of five vertebral bones are the lumbar vertebrae.

65. Sacral vertebrae are five separate bones that fuse in a young child.

66. Coccyx is the tailbone.

67. A vertebra is composed of an inner, thick, round anterior portion called vertebral

body.

68. The posterior portion of a vertebra consists of a single spinous process, a

transverse process and lamina

69. The neural canal is the space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch

through which the spinal cord passes.

70. Clavicle is the collar bone.

71. Scapula forms the shoulder blade.

72. The extension of the scapula that joins the clavicle is called Acromion

73. Sternum is the breast bone.

74. The upper portion of the breastbone is Manubrium

75. The lower portion of the breastbone is Xiphoid process.

76. There are 12 pairs of ribs.

77. The first 7 pairs join the sternum anteriorly through cartilaginous attachments

called costal cartilages.

78. Ribs 1 to 7 are called true ribs.

79. Ribs 8 to 10 are called false ribs.

80. Ribs 11 and 12 are the floating ribs.

81. Humerus is the upper arm bone.

82. Ulna is the medial lower arm bone.

83. The proximal bony process of the medial lower arm bone at the elbow is called

olecranon.

84. Radius is the lateral lower are bone.

85. Carpals are wrist bones. They are 8 in number

86. Metacarpals are the five radiating bones in the fingers.

87. Phalanges are finger bones.

88. The adult pelvis is composed of three pairs of fused bones, namely ilium,

Ischium and pubis

89. Iliac crest is the superior part of the ilium and is filled with red bone marrow.

90. The two pubic bones join by way of a cartilaginous disk and is called the pubic

symphysis

91. Femur is the thigh bone.

92. Acetabulum is the rounded depression in the pelvis which joins the femur

forming the hip joint

93. Patella is the kneecap.

94. Tibia is the larger of two bones of the lower leg.

95. At the distal end, the medial bone of the lower leg, forms a flare that is the bony

prominence called medial malleolus.

96. Fibula is the smaller of the two lower leg bones.

97. Tarsals bones forms the hind part of the foot.

98. Calcaneus is the heel bone.

99. Metatarsals form the bones of the midfoot.

100. Phalanges are the bones of the forefoot.

101. Kyphosis is the hump on the back

102. Laminectomy is an operation performed to relieve symptoms of compression

of the spinal cord or nerve roots

103. The normal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine is exaggerated in Lordosis.

104. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder involving defective

development of bones, which are brittle and fragile.

105. The spinal column is bent abnormally to the side is called scoliosis.

106. Degeneration of the intervertebral disks is called Spondylosis

107. Spondylolisthesis is the forward slipping of a vertebra over a lower vertebra.

108. Osteomalacia is a condition in which vitamin D deficiency leads to

decalcification of bones

109. Loss of bony tissue with decreased mass of bone is called osteoporosis.

110. Ewings sarcoma is a malignant bone tumor.

111. Bony growth arising from the surface of bone is called Exostosis.

112. Traumatic breaking of a bone is called fracture.

113. A closed fracture means that the bone is broken but there is no open wound

in the skin.

114. An open fracture means that the bone is broken and a fragment of bone

protrudes through an open wound in the skin

115. A pathological fracture is caused by disease of the bone such as tumor or

infection.

116. Crepitus is the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other

or rub against roughened cartilage.

117. Colles fracture occurs near the wrist joint at the lower end of the radius.

118. In Comminuted fracture bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces.

119. Compression fracture often occurs in vertebrae.

120. In greenstick fracture bone is partially broken.

121. In impacted fracture one fragment is driven firmly into the other.

122. Reduction is restoration of the bone to its normal position.

123. A closed reduction is manipulative reduction without a surgical incision.

124. In an Open reduction is surgical incision made into the fracture site.

125. Osteogenic sarcoma is a malignant tumor arising from bone

126. Inflammation of he bone and bone marrow secondary to infection is called

Osteomyelitis.

127. Talipes is the congenital anomaly of the hindfoot.

128. Clubfoot is otherwise called as Talipes equinovarus.

129. Joints are broadly classified into movable and immovable joints

130. Freely movable joints are called synovial joints .

131. The bones in a synovial joint are surrounded by a joint capsule.

132. Ligaments are thickened fibrous bands of connective tissue.

133. Bones at the joint are covered with a smooth surface called the articular

cartilage.

134. Bursae are closed sacs of synovial fluid lined with a synovial membrane and

are located near but not within a joint.

135. Synovial fluid is the viscous fluid within the synovial cavity.

136. Achondroplasia is an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and

legs fail to grow to normal size.

137. Chondromalacia patellae are a softening and roughening of the articular

cartilaginous surface pf the kneecap.

138. Fusion of bones across the joint space by surgery is called Arthrodesis.

139. Narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the spine is called spinal

stenosis.

140. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of

joints, primarily of the spine.

141. Gouty arthritis is the inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by

excessive uric acid in the body.

142. Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by

loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces.

143. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune reaction against joint tissues,

particularly against the synovial membrane.

144. Bunion is an abnormal swelling of the medial aspect of the joint between the

big toe and the first metatarsal bone.

145. Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the

bones and tendons of the wrist is called carpal tunnel syndrome.

146. Dislocation is displacement of a bone from its joint.

147. Ganglion is a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the

wrist.

148. Herniation of intervertebral disk is an abnormal protrusion of a

fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk into the neural canal.

149. Lyme disease is a recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia,

malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms.

150. Sprain is a trauma to a joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments.

151. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune

disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs.

152. Striated muscle makes up the voluntary muscles that move all bones.

153. Smooth muscle makes up the involuntary muscles that move internal organs.

154. Cardiac muscle is striated in appearance but is like smooth muscle in its

action.

155. Skeletal muscles are more than 600 in the human body.

156. The point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone is called the

origin.

157. The point of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves is called the

insertion.

158. Flexion is decreasing the angle between two bones.

159. Extension is increasing the angle between two bones.

160. Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body.

161. Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body.

162. Rotation is circular movement around an axis.

163. Dorsiflexion is decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends

backward.

164. Planar flexion is motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground

as when pointing the toes.

165. Supination is as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm

forward.

166. Pronation is as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm

backward.

167. Myasthenia gravis is a condition in which muscles lose strength because of a

failure in transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell.

168. Atrophy is decrease in size of an organ or tissue.

169. Hypertrophy is increase in size of an organ or tissue.

170. Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited diseases characterized by

progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of

the nervous system.

171. Polymyositis is a chronic inflammatory myopathy.

172. Antinuclear antibody test detects an antibody present in serum of patients

with SLE.

173. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate measures the rate at which erythrocytes

settle to the bottom of a test tube.

174. Arthrocentesis is surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space.

175. Arthrography is the process of taking x-ray images after injection of contrast

material into the joint.

176. Arthroplasty is the surgical repair of a joint.

177. Total hip replacement is replacement of the femoral head and Acetabulum

with prostheses that are fastened into the bone.

178. Arthroscopy is the process of visual examination of the inside of a joint with

an endoscope and television camera.

179. Bone density test is also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

180. X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of

contrast into nucleus pulposus is Diskography.

181. The process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of

electrical stimulation is electromyography.

182. Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination is muscle biopsy.