Exercises: 2

1. The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things.

2. The cell membrane not only surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates

what passes in and out of the cell.

3. The nucleus controls the operations of the cell.

4. Chromosomes are rod-like structures within the nucleus.

5. All body cells except for the sex cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

6. Each gene is composed of a chemical called DNA.

7. The extra number 21 chromosomes results in the development of a child with

Down syndrome.

8. The cytoplasm includes all the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the

cell membrane.

9. Mitochondria are small, sausage-shaped bodies that produce energy.

10. During the chemical process called catabolism, complex foods are broken down

into simpler substances.

11. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of canals within the cell.

12. The process of building up complex materials form simpler parts is called

anabolism.

13. A muscle cell is long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and

relaxing.

14. An epithelial cell may be square and flat to provide protection.

15. A nerve cell may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in it job of

carrying impulses.

16. A fat cell contains large, empty spaces for fat storage.

17. A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job.

18. A histologist is a scientist who specializes in the study of tissues.

19. Examples for connective tissues are adipose tissue, cartilage, bone and blood

20. Voluntary muscles are found in arms and legs and parts of the body where

movement is under conscious control.

21. Involuntary muscles are found in the heart and digestive system.

22. Organs are structures composed of several types of tissue.

23. The medical term for internal organs is viscera.

24. Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions.

25. A body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs.

26. The cavities in the body are cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic and spinal.

27. The peritoneum is the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal

cavity.

28. The thoracic cavity is divided into two smaller cavities called pleural cavity and

mediastinum.

29. The cranial and spinal cavities are the dorsal body cavities.

30. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by a muscular wall called a

diaphragm.

31. The region above the stomach is called epigastric region.

32. The lower middle region below the umbilical region is hypogastric region.

33. The lower right and left region near the groin is called inguinal region.

34. The Abdominopelvic area can be divided into four quadrants namely right upper

quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant and left lower

quadrant.

35. The spinal column is composed of a series of bones that extend from the neck to

the tailbone called vertebra.

36. The spinal column can be divided into 5 divisions and they are cervical,

thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

37. The neck region has 7 numbers of vertebrae.

38. The chest region has 12 vertebrae.

39. The loin region has 5 vertebrae.

40. Five bones are fused to form one bone called sacrum.

41. The coccyx is a small bone composed of four fused bones.

42. Within the intervertebral space are a small pad called intervertebral disk

43. Front surface of the body is called anterior.

44. The back side of the body is called posterior.

45. Deep is away from the surface.

46. Superficial is on the surface.

47. Proximal is near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a

structure.

48. Distal is far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning

of a structure.

49. Inferior is below another structure.

50. Superior is above another structure.

51. Medial is pertaining to the middle.

52. Lateral is pertaining to the side.

53. Supine is lying on the back.

54. Prone is lying on the belly.

55. Frontal plane is the vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior

portions.

56. Sagittal plane is the lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into

right and left halves.

57. Transverse plane is the horizontal plane running across the body parallel to the

ground.

58. A picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell is a karyotype.

59. The number of chromosomes in a normal male’s muscle cell is 46

60. The number of chromosomes in a female’s egg cell is 23

61. The total of the chemical process in a cell is metabolism.

62. The kidney lies lateral to the spinal cord.

63. The distal end of the thigh bone joins with the knee cap.

64. The diaphragm lies inferior to the organs in the thoracic cavity.

65. Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints is cartilage.