Exercises: 3

1. The gastrointestinal tract begins with the mouth, where food enters, and ends

with the anus, where solid waste material leaves the body.

2. The three functions of the digestive system are digestion, absorption and

elimination.

3. Digestive enzymes speed up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown of

complex nutrients.

4. Complex proteins are digested into simpler amino acids.

5. Complicated sugars are reduced to simple sugars such as glucose.

6. Large fat or lipid molecules are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol.

7. Via absorption, digested food passes into the bloodstream through the walls of

the small intestine.

8. The large intestine concentrates the solid wastes called feces.

9. The cheeks form the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity.

10. The lips surround the opening of the oral cavity.

11. The hard palate forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

12. The muscular soft palate forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

13. Rugae are irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior

portion of the hard palate.

14. The Uvula is a small, soft tissue projection, hangs from the soft palate.

15. The tongue extends across the floor of the oral cavity.

16. The act of chewing is called mastication.

17. The act of swallowing is called deglutition.

18. Papillae are small raised areas of the tongue that contains taste buds.

©The Nittany Institute of BPO Management 28 Work book Vol I

19. The gums are the fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth

20. There are 32 permanent teeth in the entire oral cavity.

21. The hardest substance in the body is Enamel.

22. There are three pairs of salivary glands and they are parotid, submandibular

and sublingual.

23. The salivary glands produce saliva.

24. The salivary glands secretes saliva about 1.5 liters daily

25. The pharynx is a muscular tube, about 5 inches long, lined with a mucous

membrane.It serves as a passageway both for air and food.

26. The esophagus is a 9 to 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to

the stomach.

27. Peristalsis is the involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in

the wall of the esophagus.

28. Food passes from the esophagus into the stomach.

29. The stomach has three main parts called fundus, body and antrum

30. Rings of muscle called sphincters control the openings into and leading out of

the stomach.

31. The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food form the esophagus

into the stomach

32. The pyloric sphincter allows food to leave the stomach when it is ready.

33. Folds in the mucous membrane lining the stomach are called rugae.

34. The enzymes secreted by the stomach are pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

35. The three parts of the small intestine are duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

36. The duodenum receives food from stomach as well as bile from the liver.

37. Millions of tiny, microscopic projections called villi line the walls of the small

intestine.

38. The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

39. The three components of the large intestine are cecum, colon and rectum

40. The cecum is a pouch on the right side that connects to the ileum at the

ileocecal valve.

41. The appendix hangs from the cecum.

42. The colon has 4 segments called ascending, descending, transverse and

sigmoid.

43. The colon has two flexures namely the hepatic and splenic flexure.

44. Defecation is the expulsion of feces from the body.

45. Diarrhea results from reduced water absorption into the bloodstream through

the walls of the large intestine.

46. Three important additional organs of the digestive system are the liver,

gallbladder and pancreas.

47. The liver is located in the right upper quadrant

48. The liver manufactures thick, orange-black, sometimes greenish fluid called bile.

49. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal RBC

destruction.

50. Bile has a detergent-like effect on fats in the duodenum called Emulsification.

51. When the blood sugar level becomes dangerously low, the liver converts’ stored

glycogen back into glucose via a process called glycogenolysis.

52. The liver can convert proteins and fats into glucose, when the body needs sugar,

by a process called glyconeogenesis.

53. The portal vein brings blood to the liver from the intestines.

54. The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ.

55. The pancreas produces enzymes to digest starch called amylase.

56. The pancreas produces enzymes to digest fat called lipase.

57. The pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins called protease.

58. As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes insulin.

59. Pointed “dog tooth”-like teeth, next to the incisors are called canine.

60. The first part of the large intestine is cecum.

61. Common bile duct carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

62. The common bile duct is also called as choledochus.

63. The first part of the small intestine is called duodenum.

64. Gallbladder is the small sac under the liver that stores bile.

65. The third part of the small intestine is ileum.

66. Incisor is one of the four front teeth in the dental arch.

67. Jejunum is the second part of the small intestine.

68. Molar is the 6th, 7th and 8th teeth from the middle on either of the dental arch.

69. Parotid gland is the salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.

70. Pulp is the soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

71. Stoma is an opening between an organ and the surface of the body.

72. Mesentery is the part of the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the

organs in the abdomen.

73. Procedure to repair cleft palate and cleft lip is called palatoplasty.

74. Improperly digested fats appearing in the feces are called steatorrhea.

75. Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen is called Ascites.

76. Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid in the GI

tract is called borborygmus.

77. Difficulty in passing stools is called constipation.

78. Difficulty in swallowing is called dysphagia.

79. Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth is called eructation.

80. Gas expelled through the anus is flatus.

81. Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum is hematochezia.

82. Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels

of bilirubin in the blood is jaundice.

83. Black, tarry stools are called melena.

84. Unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit is

called nausea.

85. Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers is aphthous stomatitis.

86. White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth are oral leukoplakia.

87. Achalasia is failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax.

88. Esophageal varices are swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the

esophagus.

89. Gastric carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the stomach.

90. Solid and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach is Gatroesophageal

reflux disease.

91. Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it is called

hernia.

92. Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus is called anal fistula.

93. An abnormal side pocket in the intestinal wall is diverticulosis.

94. A swollen, twisted, varicose vein in the rectal region is called hemmorhoids.

95. Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines is ileus.

96. Telescoping of the intestines is intussusception.

97. Twisting of the intestine on itself is called volvulus.

98. A gallstone in the gallbladder is called cholelithiasis.

99. Chronic degenerative disease of the liver is called cirrhosis.

100. Salivary gland near the ear is Parotid.