Exercises: 4

1. In external respiration, oxygen is inhaled into the air spaces of the lungs and

immediately passes into tiny blood vessels surrounding the air spaces.

2. In internal respiration, the gaseous exchange within the individual body cells

and the tiny capillary blood vessels.

3. The nasal cavity is lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs called cilia.

4. Para nasal sinuses are hollow, air-containing spaces within the skull that

communicate with the nasal cavity.

5. There are 3 divisions of the pharynx, namely nasopharynx, oropharynx, and

laryngopharynx.

6. The laryngopharynx serves as a common passageway for food and air.

7. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and is commonly referred to as Adam’s

apple.

8. The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage attached to the root of the tongue, prevents

aspiration of food.

9. The trachea is a vertical tube about 4 ½ inches long and 1 inch diameter.

10. The trachea is kept open by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage.

11. In the region of mediastinum, the trachea divides into two branches.

12. The trachea divides into two branches called bronchi.

13. The small bronchial branches are the bronchioles.

14. Each terminal bronchiole narrows, which ends in collections of air sacs called

alveoli.

15. About 300 million alveoli are estimated to be present in both lungs.

16. Erythrocytes in the blood carry O2 to all parts of the body and CO2 to the lungs

for exhalation.

17. Each lung is covered by a double-folded membrane called the pleura.

18. The two layers of pleura are parietal and visceral pleura.

19. The right lung is divided into three lobes.

20. The left lung has two lobes.

21. The uppermost part of the lung is the apex.

22. The lower area of the lung is the base.

23. The hilum of the lung is the midline region in which blood vessels, nerves,

lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit.

24. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavity.

25. Gas produced by body cells when O2 and food combine; exhaled through the

lungs is called Carbon dioxide

26. Glottis is the slit-like opening to the larynx.

27. Larynx is the voice box.

28. The space between two pleurae is called pleural cavity.

29. Process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called respiration.

30. Inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue is called visceral pleura.

31. A bronchopleural fistula is an abnormal connection between bronchial tubes

and the pleural cavity.

32. Mediastinoscopy is an endoscope inserted through an incision in the chest.

33. Orthopnea is an abnormal condition in which breathing is easier in the upright

position.

34. Air accumulates in the pleural cavity in Pneumothorax.

35. Cheyne-stokes respirations are marked by rhythmic changed in the depth of

breathing.

36. Atelectasis is called a collapsed lung.

37. Sleep apnea is sudden cessation of breathing during sleep.

38. Tachypnea is excessive rapid and shallow breathing.

39. Percussion is tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of

the underlying structure.

40. Scratchy sound produced by the motion of inflamed pleural surface is called a

pleural rub.

41. Rale is the fine crackling sound heard on auscultation when there is fluid in the

alveoli.

42. Rhonchi are the loud rumbling sound heard on auscultation of bronchi

obstructed by sputum.

43. Sputum is the material expelled from the chest by coughing or clearing the

throat.

44. Stridor is the strained, high-pitched relatively loud sound made on inspiration.

45. Wheeze is the continuous high-pitched whistling sound heard when air is forced

through a narrow space during inspiration or expiration.

46. Croup is an acute viral infection in infants and children; characterized by

obstruction of the larynx, barking cough and stridor.

47. Diphtheria is an acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract.

48. Diphtheria is caused by corynebacterium.

49. Nose bleeding is called as epistaxis.

50. Pertussis is highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx and

trachea.

51. Pertussis is caused by Bordetella Pertussis.

52. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction caused by

bronchial edema, bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production.

53. Chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the

lung is called bronchiectasis.

54. Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time is called chronic

bronchitis.

55. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick,

mucous secretions that do no drain normally.

56. Emphysema is hyperinflation if air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls.

57. Abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation,

infection and bronchitis is called pneumoconiosis.

58. Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus is called

pneumonia.

59. Nosocomial pneumonia is acquired during hospitalization.

60. Aspiration pneumonia is caused by material, such as food or vomit lodging in

bronchi or lungs.

61. Pulmonary abscess is a large collection of pus in the lungs.

62. Pulmonary edema is a swelling and fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles.

63. In pulmonary embolism a clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung.

64. Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs is called

pulmonary fibrosis.

65. Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small

nodules or tubercles develop in lungs, lymph nodes and other organs.

66. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

67. Mesothelioma is a rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura; associated with

asbestos exposure.

68. Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called pleural effusion.

69. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura.

70. Anthracosis is coal dust accumulation in the lungs.

71. Asbestosis is asbestos particles accumulation in the lungs

72. Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is called hydrothorax.

73. Pulmonary infarction is occurrence of necrotic tissue in the lung.

74. Silicosis is a disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs.

75. Ventilation – perfusion scan is a detection device records radioactivity in the

lung after injection of a radioisotope.

76. Bronchoscopy is a fiber optic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial

tubes for diagnosis, biopsy or collection of specimens.

77. Endotracheal tube is the placement of a tube through the mouth into the

pharynx, larynx and trachea to establish an airway.

78. Laryngoscopy is visual examination of the voice box.

79. Pulmonary function test is the test that measures the ventilation mechanics of

the lung.

80. Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space is called

Thoracentesis.

81. Tracheostomy is the surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through

the neck.

82. Tuberculin test determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a

positive skin reaction.

83. Collection of lymph tissue in the nasopharynx is called adenoids.

84. Collection of lymph tissue in the oropharynx is palatine tonsils.

85. Breathing in air is called inspiration.

86. Divisions of lungs are known as lobes.

87. Breathing out air is called expiration.

88. Excessive carbon dioxide in the blood is called Hypercapnia.

89. Spitting of blood is called hemoptysis.

90. Deficiency of oxygen is called hypoxia.

91. PPD and Mantoux tests are tuberculin tests.

92. Injection of fluid into the bronchi, followed by withdrawal of the fluid for

examination is called bronchial alveolar lavage.

93. Continuous drainage of the pleural spaces from a chest tube placed through a

small skin incision is called tube thoracostomy.

94. Surgical repair of the nose is rhinoplasty.

95. Removal of the voice box is called laryngectomy.

96. Removal of a region of a lung is lobectomy.